A more poetic and interpretive translation

A goblet filled from ancient kings' domain,
A taste of power, pleasure, and of pain.

Each mournful cry at dawn's first light,
A mockery of those who feign the light.

A contemporary and informal translation

A drink fit for a king, a royal treat,
From ancient times, a legacy so sweet.

The moans of the spiritual, seeking truth,
Expose the pious, hiding youthful ruth.

"یک جرعهٔ می ز ملک کاووس به است": This line references the legendary king Kavoos, often associated with luxury and opulence. The wine is symbolic of earthly pleasures and indulgence.

"از تخت قباد و ملکت طوس به است": Qabad was another ancient Persian king. The reference to Tus, an ancient city in Iran, adds to the sense of historical depth and grandeur.

"هر ناله که رندی به سحرگاه زند": A "rumi" is often translated as a spiritually intoxicated person or a mystic. Their mournful cries at dawn are symbolic of a deep spiritual yearning.

"از طاعت زاهدان سالوس به است": This line is critical of hypocritical religious figures, suggesting that their piety is merely a facade.

Themes and Interpretations

The duality of human nature: The rubai hints at the dual nature of human beings, suggesting that people can be both spiritual and sensual, pious and sinful.
Criticism of hypocrisy: Khayyam often criticizes religious hypocrisy and the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment at the expense of earthly pleasures.
The transience of earthly pleasures: While the wine and the kingdoms of ancient kings are symbols of earthly pleasures, the rubai also suggests that these pleasures are ultimately fleeting.

This rubai is a rich tapestry of historical, cultural, and philosophical references. It invites the reader to contemplate the nature of pleasure, spirituality, and hypocrisy. The contrast between the worldly pleasures represented by the wine and the spiritual yearnings of the "rumi" creates a complex and thought-provoking image.