Mujmal (مجمل): A condensed or abbreviated form of a poem, often written in a cryptic or enigmatic style. Mujmals require careful interpretation and can be challenging to decipher.

Mathnawi (مثنوی): A type of poem similar to masnavi but with a stricter rhyme scheme and a more formal structure. Mathnawis often deal with religious or philosophical themes.

Farhangnāmeh (فرهنگنامه): A dictionary or encyclopedia of Persian language and literature, often containing definitions, etymologies, and examples of usage. Farhangnāmehs play a crucial role in preserving and documenting Persian linguistic heritage.

Munajat (مناجات): A prayer or supplication addressed to God or a saint. Munajats are characterized by their sincerity, humility, and pleading tone. Notable munajat authors include Rumi and Amir Khusraw.

Masnavi (مثنوی): A long narrative poem composed in rhyming couplets. Masnavis typically deal with religious, philosophical, or didactic themes and often feature personified characters and allegorical stories. Prominent masnavi poets include Rumi, Nizami, and Farid al-Din Attar.

Robāʿī (رباعی): A four-line stanza with a specific rhyme scheme of aaba or aaaa. Robāʿīs are often characterized by their brevity, wit, and often philosophical or mystical content. Notable robāʿī poets include Rumi, Attar, and Khayyam.

Ghazal (غزل): A short, lyrical poem consisting of two to fourteen couplets, each rhyming internally. Ghazals are known for their expressiveness, exploration of themes like love, wine, nature, and spirituality, and their use of metaphors and symbolism. Prominent ghazal masters include Hafez, Rumi, and Omar Khayyam.

Qasida (قصیده): A long, formal ode typically composed in praise of a ruler, patron, or a religious or spiritual figure. It features a complex structure, intricate imagery, and often employs parallelism and repetition. Renowned qasida poets include Ferdowsi, Rumi, and Hafez.

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One of Hafez’s most famous poems is The Sun Can Rise and Set (or The Sun Never Says), which is often quoted as a message of generosity, gratitude, and service. It is a part of his Divan, a collection of his surviving poems probably compiled after his death. The poem begins with these lines:

Even after all this time The sun never says to the earth, “You owe me.” Look what happens with a love like that. It lights the whole sky

The poem goes on to praise the sun for its selfless and constant giving, and to urge the reader to follow its example and serve others without expecting anything in return.

Hafez, or Khwaja Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafez-e Shirazi, was a 14th-century Persian poet who is widely admired for his mastery of the ghazal, a poetic form that consists of a series of couplets that share a common rhyme and meter. Hafez’s ghazals are renowned for their beauty, elegance, and subtlety, and their use of imagery, symbolism, and allusion. Hafez’s poetry reflects his profound knowledge of Persian culture, literature, and religion, as well as his personal experiences of love, friendship, and spirituality. Hafez’s poetry is widely read and memorized by Iranians, and his tomb in Shiraz is a popular pilgrimage site.

Nima Yushij: He was a 20th-century poet who is considered the father of modern Persian poetry. He broke away from the classical style and introduced new forms, structures, and themes to Persian poetry. He experimented with free verse, imagery, and symbolism, and influenced many other poets of his generation and later. He wrote poems on topics such as nature, society, politics, and culture.

Omar Khayyam: He was a 11th- and 12th-century Persian poet, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher. He is best known for his rubaiyat, or quatrains, which are short poems that consist of four lines with a specific rhyme scheme. Omar Khayyam’s rubaiyat are remarkable for their originality, wit, and skepticism, and their expression of his views on life, death, fate, and free will. Omar Khayyam’s rubaiyat were popularized in the West by the 19th-century English poet Edward FitzGerald, who translated and adapted them into English.

Ferdowsi: He is perhaps Iran’s most famous poet, credited for writing the Shahnameh, the national epic of the Persian-speaking world and the longest work of epic poetry ever written, composed of more than 60,000 verses. The Shahnameh narrates the history and legends of Iran from the creation of the world to the Islamic conquest. It is a source of pride and identity for Iranians, and a universal work of art that explores themes such as heroism, love, justice, and fate.

One of Rumi’s most famous poems is The Guest House, which is often recited in mindfulness circles. It is a reminder not to resist the thoughts and emotions passing through you, but to meet them with courage, warmth, and respect. The poem begins with these lines:

This being human is a guest house. Every morning a new arrival. A joy, a depression, a meanness, some momentary awareness comes as an unexpected visitor.